SURFING THE SOLAR WORLD

Solar technology taps directly into the sun to produce solar energy which is converted into solar electricity using photovoltaic (PV) cell. Solar electricity has been gaining ground as a source of electricity. Most likely you have solar powered calculators, streetlights or solar panels on rooftops for powering household appliances like TV, computer, light, fan, handset, etc. it has also used to power rural and agricultural appliances. The same solar power can also be used to generate large amount of electricity.
Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert sunlight to electricity. But more electricity is produce when the sunlight is very strong striking the PV cells directly. The PV cells consist of two or more layers of semi-conductor, most commonly silicon. When the silicon is exposed to light, so multiple PV cells are connected together and sealed behind glass to form a module known as SOLAR PANEL. Modules range in power output from about 10 watts to 300 watts. PV allows you to produce electricity, without noise, air pollution and fuel. Most PV has a life span of 25-50years
SOLAR PANELS TYPES.
There are three main types of solar panels in commercial production, all with some advantages and disadvantages. All these are base on silicon semiconductors and they are arranged in other of their efficiency.
1. MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON CELLS
Monocrystalline silicon cell is made from a single large crystal, cut from ingots. Most efficient but also slightly costlier than the other technologies and better in low light. It is the most efficient of photovoltaic (PV) technologies, with efficiencies of 5%, meaning you will get more electricity from it. The manufacturing process Monocrystalline silicon cells are more complicated

2. MULTICRYSTALINE SILICON CELLS
This is made from an ingot of melted and recrystalling silicon, which is then saw cut into very thin water and assemble into complete cells. The manufacturer process is simpler thereby making multicrystalline cell cheaper than that of monocrystalline. Multicrystalline cells are slightly efficient with average efficiencies of 12% creating a granular texture.


3. AMORPHOUS SILICON CELL.
Amorphous silicon cell- thin film, the silicon is spread directly on large plates, usually of something like stainless steel. It is Cheaper to produce, but often much less efficiencies of 6%, which needs larger panels for the same power output. The production method is quite different. Their low cost makes it ideally suited for many applications where high efficiency is not required, but low cost is considered.
COMPONENT OF SOLAR ELECTRICITY GENERATOR OR GENERATOR
There are six (6) basic components of solar electricity generator. They are
1. Solar panels
2. Charge controller
3. Deep solar cycle batteries
4. Ac/Dc inverter
5. Thunder insulator wire
6. Loads

PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SOLAR PANELS
Solar panels are the source of electricity for a solar power generator. The solar panel or PV directly converts sunlight into DC (direct current) electricity.
PV panels are rated in watts based on the maximum power of electricity one can generate under an ideal sun and temperature condition. The rate output of PV panels is use to determine the number of panels one will need to meet the electricity needs. Multiple panels combined together are called array.
PV array can be mounted at a fixed angle of preferable angles 45% facing east, or they can be mounted on a tracking devices that follows the sun, allowing them to capture the most sunlight over the course of a day.
PV modules are durable, long lasting, and environmentally friendly and cost efficient on the long-run. Because of their durability, PV systems can be designed to meet any electrical requirement, no after how large or how small. It also can be connected to an electricity distribution system (grid-connected), or they can stand alone (off-grid). Most carry a warranty of 25 years and if properly maintained can attain a life span of 50 years. They can withstand severe weather such as extreme heat, hail stone snow and cold.

CHARGE CONTROLLER/VOLTAGE REGULATOR
Charge controller is use in Combination with a battery, and it just what its name implies. It controls the charge the battery is receiving. The charge controller is placed between the solar module and the battery. With out a charge controller, the battery will be over-charge, and this can damage the battery which may lead to out brake of fire.
Charge controller includes maximum and low voltage power point tracking. This feature optimizes the solar photo voltaic arrays energy production and also prevents the batteries from over-discharging
INVERTERS
Inverter converts direct current (DC)-e.g. 12V, 24V and 48V to Alternating Current (AC) - e.g. 220V. The inverter has to match with the wattage output of the solar panels. Inverter supply better quality power than the power utility company and works well with most appliances. Inverters are rated in watts by their continuous voltage output and comes in different power voltage specification e.g. 150watts 300watts, 800watts, 1200watts etc.
The size of inverter chosen is dependent on the total cumulative power to be consumed and this requires elementary arithmetic. Take for instance you want power few appliances like a 14” TV, a radio, a DVD and a light at once, add up all their wattage, therefore buy an inverter that can supply at least 79 watts continuously. To power a whole house full of appliances and lights requires more planning and would require a mid size inverter (e.g. 1.5kva to 7.5kva) or a bigger one. Obviously not all appliances will be switched on at the same time. The bottom line is that the type of inverter you choose is determined by the quality of electricity in wattage your appliances will consume
APPLIENCES SPECIFIED POWER
Radio 5w
Light (compact fluorescent) 14w
DVD 20w
14” colour TV 40w
Total daily power requirement 79w

TYPES OF INVERTER.
MODIFIED OR SQUARE SINE WAVE INVERTER
A modified sine wave inverter is cheaper and can power most household appliances and tools, but some loads will be damaged by it (e.g. laser printers or some cordless power tools) it presents some challenges by giving humming sound when some types of load is used by with it e.g. A microwave.


PURE SINE INVERTER
Pure sine wave has much more “flow” to them. You could say that their power has been smoothed out; you need pure wave inverter if you hope to power large appliances. For the purest, best form of power, you will require a pure sine wave inverter.
BATTERIES FOR SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM
Like other renewable energy system, solar energy system uses a lead-acid deep cycle battery. This type of battery is different from the conventional car battery, lead-acid deep cycle batteries last longer but also cost more than a conventional battery. The major difference between lead-acid battery and other batteries is that they have solid lead plates. In conventional batteries, the plate is made of sponge-like material.
BATTERY SIZE TO YOUR SYSTEM
Be sure you have a battery properly sized to your system. If you size your battery too small, they may discharge too often, and this leads to replacing them more often, when you size your system very well and maintain it, it may last to 10 to 15yrs
SOLAR ENERGY BATTERY MAINTAINANCE
The good cycle battery can last long if you take good care of it, some of the base steps to ensure the good working condition of your battery are
1. Fully charge your battery before use.
2. Be sure to fully tighten the connectors and properly wire all the cables.
3. Fasten vent caps tightly and checked from time to time.
4. Batteries should be wiped free of all corrosion, dust and dirt frequently
DEPTH OF DISCHARGE
Depth of discharge is a measure of how much energy has been taken from a battery. With the lead-acid deep cycle battery used in a solar electric system, there is more tolerance for discharging. You can discharge the battery of a solar energy system 50%to 80% with no damage to the battery; this makes it very different from a car battery.
AC/DC BREAKER/ INVERTER DISCONNECT
The AC breaker panel is the devise where all the house electric wiring meet with the supplier of electricity, whether grid (PHCN) or power generator. It is mounted on the wall and you can find it at the stairway, balcony, basement, or garage, etc of your home. The solar electricity will use AC breaker to route electricity to the house. it allows you to change over from solar electricity to grid electricity and vice versa.
TOOLS NEEDED
1. Pairs of Hand gloves
2. Eye Google
3. Set of Screw drivers
4. Cutter: for cutting of wires
5. Set of Pliers:
6. Copper plate:
7. Spanner:
8. Digital Voltmeter: for reading voltage of your solar panel and battery voltage and current
9. Compass: for navigation (use to know where the sun is facing or where it rises)
10. Salt and charcoal
COMPASS
Magnetic compass is an instrument that is use to determine the position of placement of a solar panel. The aim of this is for the PV to get as much sunlight to generate electricity. The PB should be installed at an angle 45 facing east.
INSTALLATION









PV ARREYS
PV arrays for stand alone system are installed many unique and innovate ways, however, there are common issues involved in any installation, whether the array is fixed or tracking, mounted at ground level, or on a pole or building. The array orientation and tilt angle consideration are discussed in the section.
CONTROL CENTRE
Electronics controllers, converters, or inverters are often installed in the control centre along with switches, fuses, etc. electric components must be able to withstand expected temperature extremes in both operating and non-operating state. Any printed circuit boards in these units should be coated or sealed to protect the electronics from humidity and dust. Certified electrical service about the type of the box needed for a specific application.
High temperature will shorten the life of electric equipment. Try to mount the boxes in a shaded area and/or provide air circulation, particularly for inverters. Dust can be problem in a well-vented enclosure. Some boxes have filters at the air access points. Screen the inlets of the electrical boxes to prevent spider’s wasps, lizard and other insects from setting up residence. Finding wasps in the electrical box may not affect performance, but it will certainly make maintenance more exciting.

BATTERY
EARTHING
A good earthing will provide a well-defined, low –resistance path from the stand-alone PV system to earth ground. This part is expected to carry fault current if system malfunctioning occur so the ground wire must be as large as the largest conductor in the system.
TWO TYPES OF EARTHING ARE NEEDED IN PV SYSTEMS
System earthing and equipment earthing. For the system earthing, one of the current carrying conductors, usually the negative, is earthed with salt and charcoal at a single point. This establishes the maximum voltage with respect to ground and also serves to discharge surge currents induced by lighting. Any exposed metal that might be touched by personnel should be earthed. This includes equipment boxes and array frames. This will limit the risk of electrical shock should a fault occur.
A PV array can attract lightening, especially if located at a high elevation relative to the surrounding terrain. In particular, water pumping systems may draw lighting because of the excellent ground path provided by the well casing. Current surge can be caused by near strikes occur more frequently and the severity of possible damage depends on the distance from the strike to the array. Commercially available surge protection devices (movistor and silicon oxide varistors) are reasonably prices and their use is recommended. They are normally installed in the array output and at the DC input to any electronic device. If an inverter used, installing the wiring in earth, buried metallic conduit will decrease susceptibility to lightening

BASIC ELECTRONICS
SERIES AND PARALLEL SOURCE
SERIES CONNECTION
Source of electric current such as batteries and solar panels can also be connected in various ways. They can be arranged in series by connecting a terminal (+ve positive) of one source to the negative terminal (+ve negative) of the next source. For example of battery A is connected to the negative terminals of the battery A, and the positive terminal of battery B to the negative terminal C the ABC are in series. The load is then place between the positive terminals of battery A. this increases the voltage but the current remains constant.
When sources of electric current are connected in series, their total voltage is equal to the sum of their individual voltages. For example, three 12-volt batteries connected in series gives a total voltage of 12v + 12V + 12V= 36V. if the load is 9 ohms, then the batteries send a current of 36 / 9= 4 Amp through the load which is the current supplied the individual battery.








PARRALLEL CONNECTION
Source of electricity current such as batteries and solar panels can be connected in parallel. They are arrange in parallel. They are arranged in parallel by connecting the +ve (positive) terminal of one source is connected to the positive terminal terminal of the next source. Then the negative terminal of the battery A is connected to positive is connected positive terminal of battery B. likewise if negative terminal of battery A is connected to negative terminal of battery B, then the two batteries are connected in parallel. Load is placed between the positive terminal B and negative terminal B, this will increase their current, but the voltage remains constant i.e. the individual voltage. When source of electric current are connected in parallel, their total current is equal to the sum of their individual current of 70A + 70A + 70A =210A. But the voltage will remain the same (i.e. 12V).
If you need more electricity to power your appliances, your PVs and batteries will have to be connected in parallel. But if you need more voltage battery, the higher voltage will force an electric current through the low voltage battery and damage it.

EAZY WAY TO BLOG SITE

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How To Open A Blog Site And Make Good Money From It

This eBook will help/guide you on how to open a blog site free of charge and make money from it. Before we go on, let me tell you something that you need to know, before opening a blog, bear in mind that what you are about opening is a business and not a machine for making money; this is because if you are opening a business, there are various factors you need take care of. These factors are:

1. What have I to offer?

2. What do the public need?

3. How do I meet the demand of my customers(the people that will visit the site)

4. What do I do to improve my business? e.t.c.

These and many more are what you should consider if you want to succeed online, because online business is also as the normal businesses you do so it also requires a maximum attention.

TO THE BUSINESS OF THE DAY.

The following are the steps you should follow to open your blog site.

1. Open an email account with Google. To do so go to www.gmail.com or www.googlemail.com, sign up with them. Normally the way you open your email. Choose your username and password.

2. After you must have opened your Gmail account, then go to www.blogger.com.

3. Sign in to blogger using your Gmail username and password.

4. Then when it opens you will see, sign up. Input your display name, that is the name you use to sign your posts. Then click on continue.

5. Then name your blog. Here you will provide your blog title which is normally the name similar to what your blog offers for example yahoo title is THE BEST WEB BASED EMAIL. Then put also your blog address. This name of your blog site. Example www.dejoepublicationltd.blogspot.com the “chinweike” is the blog address. Then click on continue.

6. Then choose your template. You can select from the available templates or you create your own template once your blog is set up. Then click on continue.

7. After these click on start blogging.

Once you are through with these you have succeeded in opening your blog account. This is just the building of your business that you have just finished building. It is now time to bring your goods to your shop. And this is when you post the things you want the public to view.

From the page after no. 7 you will see POSTING, SETTING, LAYOUT, MONITIZE.

POSTING.

Posting is where you write whatever you want to display in your page. Remember after writing any post, first of all save it before publishing it to the public.

SETTING.

Here is where you edit the settings of your blog like the title and so on.

LAYOUT.

This is where you arrange the items you added to your blog. Where you want anyone to be.

MONITIZE.

This is where you make you blog to generate income for you, by allowing Google to post some adverts your blog. Once you click on it, another page opens where you choose where and how the adverts will be displayed. Choose any of them and click on next.

Since you are new to adsense, select create a new adsense account and click on next.

A form will open fill the form with your correct information and tick on all the policies, then click on submit information. Then click on create account.

They will show you their terms and conditions tick it and click on accept.

Then you have succeeded in monetizing you blog, then you have to wait for 48 hours for the adverts to start showing.

NOW this is just the beginning. Because you don’t just open your business and people start coming, likewise there are several things you need to do to drive traffic to your site. Those thing are what I am about to reveal to you now.

1- One of the key ways to generating traffic to your site is to make sure you have good quality content on your site. See the key is you want your visitors to have a good reason to bookmark your site and return often. This can be accomplished by posting relevant information that gives the readers value and provides a solution to their problems. By making sure you post fresh good quality content on your site you also ensure the probability of your site getting ranked by major search engines more quickly providing organic traffic to your site immediately. This simple concept is often misunderstood by people just starting out online.

2- Another key point to remember is ensuring that you use all relevant keywords in the content body that you post on your site. This also will grab the attention of the search engines very quickly and ensure that your site gets indexed. When traffic starts to trickle onto your site the steps you took in #1 will keep them on your site and bring them back in the future, which gives you a higher conversion rate for possible future sales. Remember the longer you keep a visitor on your site through high quality informative content the higher probability you have of securing a dedicated customer which will do wonders to your profits margin.

3- Okay, you now must realize that your website is new. So now an important step you want to take is to let the online world know you are out there and where to find you. This can be accomplished by submitting your website to the search engine directories. By submitting your website to these search engine directories makes it possible for people to actually find your site when they are searching these directories using relevant keywords and key word phrases. See I told you this isn't rocket science. To many people just starting out online make it more complicated than it has to be.

4- Okay so now you have done the basics, so what to do next? Now you want to start creating links to your site. This is simply linking to other websites that have a high PR rank and are in the same niche as you, meaning there website is relevant to what you are selling, example, being your competition. This is an effective way of directing their traffic to you simply by linking to their site. If you Google link directories you will find plenty of food for thought and by using this concept you can also increase the ranking of your own website.

5-Promote Your Site in Online Forums and Discussion Lists -- "old school" social media. The Internet offers thousands of very targeted e-mail based discussion lists, online forums, and groups made up of people with very specialized interests. Use Google Groups (groups.google.com) to find appropriate groups. Search online for blogs or other forums.

Don't bother with groups consisting of pure spam. Instead, find groups where a serious dialog is taking place. Don't use aggressive marketing and overtly plug your product or service. Rather, add to the discussion in a helpful way and let the "signature" at the end of your e-mail message do your marketing for you. People will gradually get to know and trust you, visit your site, and do business with you.

6-Ask Visitors to Bookmark Your Site. It seems simple, but ask visitors to bookmark your site or save it in their Favorites list. I use a widget called AddThis (www.addthis.com). When you put the AddThis JavaScript on your webpage, it automatically determines the title and URL of that page. When visitors click the button on your page, they are automatically taken to a page that allows them to choose which bookmarking service they prefer, and then pre-populates the appropriate form with the title and URL of your webpage. I use AddThis throughout my website, as well as in my newsletters. If you have good content that people want to bookmark, this can generate hundreds of links to your site and significantly raise your rankings.

While you're at it, would you be so kind as to bookmark this page using the button below? Thank you!

7-Include Your URL on Stationery, Cards, and Literature. Make sure that all business cards, stationery, brochures, and literature contain your company's URL. And see that your printer gets the URL syntax correct. In print, I recommend leaving off the http:// part and including only the www.domain.com portion.

8-Develop a Free Service. It's boring to invite people, "Come to our site and learn about our business." It's quite another to say "Use the free kitchen remodeling calculator available exclusively on our site." Make no mistake, it's expensive in time and energy to develop free resources, such as our Research Room (www.wilsonweb.com/research/), but it is very rewarding in increased traffic to your site -- and a motivation to link to the site! Make sure that your free service is closely related to what you are selling so the visitors you attract will be good prospects for your business. Give visitors multiple opportunities and links to cross over to the sales portion of your site.

9-Write Articles for Others to Use in Websites and Newsletters. You can dramatically increase your visibility when you write articles in your area of expertise and distribute them to editors as free content for their e-mail newsletters or their websites. Just ask that a link to your website and a one-line description of what you offer be included with the article. This is an effective "viral" approach that can produce hundreds of links to your site over time. You'll find lots of information on how to do this from the most popular article marketing site, EzineArticles.com. When you create a free membership account, they begin sending you instructions and ideas each week.

Well, I hope that you have gained some value from this short article and will follow these 4 easy steps to start the ball rolling in your favor, by increasing the traffic volume to your site you will inevitably increase your online profits.

COMMITED TO YOUR SUCCESS

ALIOGOR OBINNA

2347038142189, 07095043069

bbaliogor@yahoo.com

aocecelle@gmail.com

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